# Indian Ocean Security

Submarine Diplomacy: China Counters the Malacca 'Chokehold' with High-Tech Naval Exports to Pakistan

China has delivered advanced Kirin-class submarines to Pakistan, a move seen as a strategic counter-balance to Indian and Indonesian assertiveness in the Malacca Strait. The deal highlights Beijing's effort to secure its maritime interests and diversify its security partnerships while mitigating its reliance on vulnerable shipping lanes.