# Ziying Model

E-Commerce Illusions: Douyin’s ‘Self-Operated’ Label Under Fire After Refurbished Laptop Dispute

A consumer dispute over a potentially refurbished laptop has exposed structural flaws in Douyin’s 'self-operated' e-commerce model. The incident reveals that Douyin's premium branding often masks third-party fulfillment, leaving buyers without the platform-level accountability they expect.